Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: Implications for Cenozoic Biogeography
نویسنده
چکیده
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Resumen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Resumo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Statement of Problem and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region: Evidence and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Early Middle Jurassic to Late Eocene Paleogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Latest Eocene to Middle Miocene Paleogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Eocene-Oligocene Transition (35–33 Ma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Late Oligocene (27–25 Ma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Early Middle Miocene (16–14 Ma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Biogeographical Hypotheses and Caribbean Paleogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Continent-Island Vicariance: Model of Rosen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Passive Overwater Dispersal: Model of Hedges and Co-workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Preliminary Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Sources of Error in Estimating Times of Lineage Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Passive Transport and Cenozoic Surface-Current Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Surface-Current Patterns and Flotsam Dispersal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Surface-Current Patterns and Paleogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Surface-Current Patterns and Proxy Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Other Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 GAARlandia Landspan and Island–Island Vicariance: Model of MacPhee and Iturralde-Vinent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Landspans, Vicariance, and Diversity Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Appendix 1: Reconstructing Caribbean Paleogeography: An Analytical Guide . . . . . . . . 72 Yucatan Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Northern Central America, Nicaragua Rise, and Western Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Southern Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Northwestern South America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Aruba/Tobago Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Greater Antilles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Blue Mountains Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Aves Ridge, Lesser Antilles, and Grenada Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Beata Ridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Cayman Islands and Cayman Ridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Appendix 2: A Plate Tectonic Model of the Caribbean from Latest Eocene to Middle Miocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 1999 3 ITURRALDE-VINENT AND MACPHEE: CARIBBEAN PALEOGEOGRAPHY
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